Literature
  • Sampayo 1990
  • Dinophysis spp. toxicity and relation to accompanying species. In: E. Graneli, B. Sundstrom, L. Edler and D.M. Anderson (eds), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Elsevier, New York: 215-220.
  • Saville-Kent 1881
  • A Manual of the Infusoria. D. Bogue, London.
  • Schiller 1918
  • Uber neue Prorocentrum and Exuviella Arten aus der Adria. Arch. Protistenk. 38: 250-262.
  • Schiller 1937
  • Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae) In: L. Rabenhorst (ed), Kryptogamen-Flora of Deutschland, Vol. 2, Academische Verlag, Leipzig. 590 pp.
  • Schiller 1933
  • Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae). In: R. Kolkwitz (ed), Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Osterreich und der Schweiz, 2nd ed., Sect. III, Pt. I, Academische Verlagsgellschaft, Leipzig: 1-617.
  • 1902
  • Flora of Koh Chang. Contribution to the knowledge of the vegetation in the Gulf of Siam. Part IV. Peridiniales. J. Botanique 23: 212-218.
  • , Loeblich 1979
  • Distribution of paralytic shellfish poison among Pyrrhophyta. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 59: 479-487.
  • Schmitter 1971
  • The fine structure of Gonyaulax polyedra, a bioluminescent marine dinoflagellate. J. Cell Sci. 9: 147-173.
  • Schnepf, Deichgraber 1983
  • 'Myzocytosis', a kind of endocytosis with implications to compartmentation in endosymbiosis. Observations in Paulsenella (Dinophyta). Naturwiss. 71: 218-219.
  • Schnepf, Elbrachter 1992
  • Nutritional strategies in dinoflagellates. A review with emphasis on cell biological aspects. Eur. J. Protistol. 28: 3-24.
  • Schnepf 1989
  • Gymnodinium aeruginosum (Dinophyta): A blue-green dinoflagellate with a vestigial, cryptophycean symbiont. Plant Syst. Evol. 164: 75-91.
  • 1906
  • Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Phytoplanktons warmer Meere. Vierteljahr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 51: 319-377.
  • Schütt 1895
  • Die Peridineen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. 4: 1-170.
  • Seki 1996
  • Gymnodimine, a novel toxic imine isolated from the Foveaux Strait oysters and Gymnodinium sp. In: T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima and Y. Fukuyo (eds), Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, IOC UNESCO
  • Sharpe 1981
  • Paralytic shellfish poison, California- Summer 1980. State of California Dept. Health Services-Sanitary Engineering Section.
  • 1987
  • Dinoflagellate toxins. In: F.J.R. Taylor (ed), The Biology of Dinoflagellates (Botanical monographs; v. 21), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston: 282-315.
  • 1978
  • Dinoflagellate toxins. In: P.J. Scheuer (ed), Marine Natural Products. Chemical and Biological Perspectives. 1. Academic Press, New York: 1-42.
  • 1982
  • Gambierdiscus toxicus, a ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate from Hawaii. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 811-813.
  • 1975
  • Presence of four toxins in red tide infested clams and cultured Gonyaulax tamarensis cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66: 731-737.
  • Shumway 1990
  • A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 21: 65-104.
  • 1952
  • Estudios de plancton na Lagoa de Obidos. I. Diatomaceas e dinoflagelados. Rev. Fac. Cienc. Lisboa, Ser. 2, C, 2: 5-44.
  • 1963
  • Les 'Red waters' a la lagune d'Obidos. Ses causes probables et ses rapports avec la toxicite des bivalves. Notas Est. Inst. Biol. Mar. (Lisboa) 27: 265-275.
  • 1962
  • Some observations on marine dinoflagellate cultures. Not. E. Estud. Instit. Biol. Marit. 26: 1-26.
  • 1967
  • Cochlodinium heterolabatum n.sp.: Structure and some cytophysiological aspects. J. Protozool. 14: 745-754.
  • 1956
  • 'Red water' por Exuviaella baltica Lohm. com simultanea mortandade de peixes nas aguas litorais de Angola. Trab. Missao Biol. Mar. (Lisboa) 4: 73-84.
  • Smayda 1992
  • Global epidemic of noxious phytoplankton blooms and food chain consequences in large ecosystems. In: K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander and B.D. Gold (eds). Food chains, models and management of large marine ecosystems. Westview Press, San Francisco: 275-307.
  • 1975
  • Phytoplankton blooms and reef kills in the mid-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. 8: 8.
  • Solum 1962
  • The taxonomy of Dinophysis populations in Norwegian waters in view of biometric observations. Nytt Mag. Botanikk 10: 5-33.
  • Sournia 1986
  • Atlas du Phytoplancton Marin. Introduction, Cyanophycees, Dictyochophycees, Dinophycees et Raphidophycees. 1. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 219 pp.
  • Spector 1984
  • Dinoflagellates. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 545 pp.
  • Steemann, Aabye Jensen 1957
  • Primary oceanic production. The autotrophic production of organic matter in the oceans. Galathea Rep. 1: 49-136.
  • Steidinger 1968
  • The genus Gonyaulax in Florida waters, 1. Morphology and thecal development in Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883. Fla. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab. Leaf. Ser. 1. Phytoplankton, pt. 1, No. 4: 1-5.
  • Steidinger 1975
  • Implications of dinoflagellate life cycles on initiation of Gymnodinium breve red tides. Environ. Lett. 9: 129-139.
  • Steidinger 1993
  • Some taxonomic and biologic aspects of toxic dinoflagellates. In: I.R. Falconer (ed), Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, Academic Press, London: 1-28.
  • Steidinger 1983
  • A re-evaluation of toxic dinoflagellate biology and ecology. Prog. Phycol. Res. 2: 147-188.
  • Steidinger 1979
  • Collection, enumeration and identification of free-living marine dinoflagellate. In: D.L. Taylor and H.H. Seliger (eds), Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Elsevier / North-Holland, New York: 435-442.
  • Steidinger, Baden 1984
  • Toxic Marine Dinoflagellates. In: D.L. Spector (ed), Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, Inc., New York: 201-262.
  • Steidinger, Balech 1977
  • Scrippsiella subsalsa (Ostenfeld) comb. nov. (Dinophyceae) with a discussion on Scrippsiella. Phycologia 16: 69-73.
  • Steidinger, Joyce 1973
  • Florida Red Tides. State of Florida Department of Natural Resources, Educational Ser. No. 17: 1-26.
  • Steidinger, 1970
  • Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. Dinoflagellates. Publs. mar. Res. lab. Fla. 2: 1-251.
  • Steidinger, Tangen 1985
  • Taxonomy and systematics. In: D.M. Anderson, A.W. White and G.D. Baden (eds), Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier, New York: 534-537.
  • Steidinger, Tangen 1996
  • Dinoflagellates. In: C.R. Tomas (ed), Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, New York: 387-598.
  • Steidinger 1973
  • The effects of Gymnodinium breve toxin on estuarine animals. In: D.F. Martine and G.M. Padilla (eds), Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, Orlando: 201-261.
  • Steidinger 1978
  • Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. I. General description. J. Phycol. 14: 72-79.
  • Steidinger 1998
  • First report of Gymnodinium pulchellum (Dinophyceae) in North America and associated fish kills in the Indian River, Florida. J. Phycol. 34: 431-437.
  • Steidinger 1996
  • Pfiesteria piscicida gen. et sp. nov. (Pfiesteriaceae fam. nov.), a new toxic dinoflagellate with a complex life cycle and behavior. J. Phycol. 32: 157-164.
  • Steidinger 1980
  • A redescription of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa (Böhm) stat. nov. from Pacific red tides. Phycologia 19: 329-337.
  • Stein 1878
  • Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere. III. Flagellaten I. Engelmann Leipzig: 154.
  • Stein 1883
  • Der Organismus der Infusionstiere. III. Abt. Der Organismus der Arthrodelen Flagellaten. Einleitung und Erklarung der Abbildungen. W. Engelmann, Leipzig: 4.
  • Stoecker 1991
  • Mixotrophy in marine planktonic ciliates: Physiological and ecological aspects of plastid retention by oligotrichs. In: P.C. Reid, C.M. Turley and P.H. Burkill (eds), Protozoa and their role in marine processes, NATO ASI series, Ser. G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 25, Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 161-180.
  • Stoecker 1997
  • Mixotrophy in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 152: 1-12.
  • Suriray 1836
  • Recherches sur la cause ordinaire de la phosphorescence marine et description du Noctiluca miliaris. Mag. Zool. 6: 1-16.
  • Sweeney 1978
  • Ultrastructure of Noctiluca miliaris (Pyrrophyta) with green symbionts. J. Phycol. 14: 116-120.
  • Swinker 2001
  • Estuary-associated syndrome in North Carolina: An occupational prevalence study. Environ. Health Prospect. 109: 21-26.